Neo

Introduction The total number of hours that an individual is capable and willfully supplies at a standard wage rate is called the labor supply. Thus supply of labor involves individuals seeking to be employed for a given an agreed amount of wage. But the neoclassical theory of individual labor supply terms income and leisure as the major source of individual utility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Neo-Classical Supply of Labour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Income that is generated by the individual from work is spent for the leisure activities, depending on the individual’s own preference. However, the changes in the market wage rate impacts the individual in two ways; an increase or decrease in the income and a shift from one activity to the other. In the longer term, the extreme increases and decreases in the wage rate may decline to unacceptable levels forcing individuals to exit the labor market, a situation known as voluntary unemployment (Burda Wyplosz 2009). Therefore, the neoclassical theory of individual labor supply is based on two assumptions. First, an individual has two likely ways of spending time; for labor and/or leisure, and secondly, the individual equitably distributed the time spent for leisure and labor in order to derive maximum satisfaction. Because individuals alternate between working and leisure, foregoing an hour of leisure equals to the wage rate. Thus, if the value of leisure time is higher than the market wage rate, individuals would prefer not to work. In both cases, the opportunity cost of foregoing an activity equals to the value derived in the other activity. As such changes in the wage rate results in either a substitution effect or an income effect (Veblen 2010, p. 373). Effects of wage rise The graph below shows the supply curve resulting from changes in real wage rates and their effects on the quantity of labor supplied. For instance, real wages increased from W1 to W2 the individual would benefit from an increase in income, and increase in utility. Consequently, the individual would willingly increase their working hours from L1 to L2; represented on the graph as income effect being less than the substitution effect. The positive price change results from the comparison of a greater substitution effect against the income effect. According to Gupta Dutta (2010, p. 923) the resultant increase in wage rate results in to a significant climb in the opportunity cost of leisure time. The resultant costly leisure time is due to the increase in wage rate. Instead of spending more time for leisure, that is already expensive, individuals would instead prefer going to work more to increase their income. This is termed as the substitution effect result from a higher wage rate. On the contrary, Hazan Maoz believe that the income effect results from further increase in wage rate. From the graph, increase in wage rate from W2 to W 3 would cause the labor hours to decrease from L2 to L3. According to Veblen (2010, p. 397), the wage rate increase results in a higher income effect than the substitution effect, such that an individual derives higher utility from an hour spent on leisure than from an hour spent working.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The backward bend in the supply curve results from the increase of wage rate beyond W2. Beyond W2 the individuals earns enough income to sustain their lifestyle, thus do not need to work for extra hours. Hence individuals prefer to increase leisure time and reduce the hours spent at work (2010, p. 2126). On the basis of an indifference curve-like platform, Ransom Sims suggest that an individual’s utility function is composed of real income (Y) and leisure (L). It is represented mathematically as utility is a function of Y and L, U = U(Y,L). Since an individual would be prompted to sacrifice some leisure time to receive additional income, an indifference curve is downward sloping, with points above the indifference cure offering higher utility than points on or below it (2010, p. 331). In order for individuals to attain the highest achievable level of utility, alternative levels of Y and L, with the limiting goods and time constraints, the full-income constraint is represented as wT = pY + wL. The equation can be in the form Y = -(w/p)L + (w/p)T, referred to as individual’s constraint. Graphically, From the above graph, the intercept of the budget constraint on the Y (income) axis is wT/p; giving the full income point. The budget constraint has a slope of –w/p. hence the downward slope. At the point of tangency (point A) between the indifference curve and the budget constraint, giving certain optimal levels of Y and L or Y and T, maximizes the utility (Caliendo, Gambaro Haan 2009, p. 877).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Neo-Classical Supply of Labour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neoclassical theory and wage differentials According to Aspromourgos (1986, p. 265), differences in wages exist and according to the neoclassical theory of the labor market, they should be equal. This decision was based on the assumptions of maximizing profit, perfect competition and homogeneity of workers. Nevertheless, there are three neoclassical trajectories elaborating the workers’ wage differentials; human capital theory, theory of equalizing differences, and efficiency wage theory. According to the theory of equalizing differences, identified differences that associated with inherent traits of a specific job require wage compensations with non-monetary positive traits. In order for effective compensation, the should exist, consistency of work, agreeableness of the job, ease of learning the employment, probability of success an d degree of responsibility (Caliendo, Gambaro Haan 2009, p. 877). The second theory, the human capital theory, attempts to explain differences in wages as resulting from an individual’s marginal capital productivity caused by differing human capital stocks such as aptitudes, training, knowledge, education and skills of an individual group are characterized. The productivity differentials are contributory to the wage differentials as the neoclassical labor market dispenses its wages depending on the marginal product of labor. Because, human capital differences are exhibited in the varying productivity, different wages will be paid. Evidence has shown that workers possessing high education earn comparatively higher wages. Individuals that sacrifice their leisure time and finances to acquire more skills and experiences add to their human skills which translate to increased productivity (Casares 2010, p. 233). Thirdly, the efficiency wage theory, while explaining the existence o f above equilibrium wages seeks to understand why these rates result into unemployment. Because firms paid above equilibrium wages to employees in developing countries during the 1950s, the theory was coined to understand the trends. The theory concluded that equilibrium wages were not enough to cater for the workers’ basic health. Thus paying them above the equilibrium rates ensures that their improved health would contribute to increased productivity. The employers according to the theory aimed at reducing turnover, discourage shirking and attract superior employees. Disutility of labor and working hours In contrast to the associated increased utility resulting to the individuals increasing their work hours, Van der Hulst, M 2003, pp. 171) postulates that certain disutility effects arise from work at the margin areas. On the basis of the standard economic theory, there are positive non-monetary effects of being employed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus a relationship exists between individual well-being and working hours; whereby studies have been conducted. For instance, an increase in the individual’s working hours automatically generated an improvement on the individual’s life utility, even with a constant amount of wage/income. As such, work is considered a positive generator of utility for an individual, hence life’s utility increases with employment and working time. According to Hazan, M Maoz (2010, p. 2134), substantial improvement of the living standard results from a change in status from unemployed to employed, irrespective of the few hours spent working. According to the study, it was further evidenced that increasing labour hours benefits men due to the non-pecuniary utility, thereof. Beyond the optimal labor supply of seven hours known to maximize well-being, the level of happiness is reduced. Although women just like men benefit from the non-monetary utility of additional working hors, the ir optimal labour time per day is four hours and any extension beyond that leads to utter discomfort. According to the neoclassical assumption of marginal labor disutility, for both sexes, the happiness maximizing labour time should be less than the average real working time. The theory is supported because at the margin the disutility is caused by labor for the employed individuals. However, according to the happiness literature, the total utility of work for most employees is positive and not negative. Therefore, the well-being research empirical findings concur with the theory assumptions (Clark 2003a, p. 323). A similar picture is evidenced in the evaluation of the external changes of working time that resulted into under- or over-employment. Just as noted above, the positive utility of working hours are impacted by the strong decrease in well-being resulting from external deviations from the desirable labor time. Especially, work extended beyond the utility maximizing level has a significant diminishing impact. According to Kaufman work in addition to generating disposable income for individuals, also provides non-pecuniary utility effects. In the happiness economics, the debate point of contention is whether greater focus should be directed more on leisure than on work. Too much leisure is known to negatively impact life satisfaction, while individuals should not be forced to work long hours, because labor improves well-being. The consequences of excessive labor time and too much leisure, such as negatively impacting the workers, eventually, affect the organization’s performance. Primarily, the major perspective should be reduction in the levels of unemployment through policy. The policy has a two-fold impact on the well-being; increase in the disposable income, and increase in the non-monetary utility of work (2008, p. 285). If the policy regulatory measures on working hours are externally determined they will negatively impact welfare because in most cases they would conflict with the individually desired labor time. However, if internally determined, the policies are likely to match or accommodate the individual preference of the employees, hence positively impacting welfare. Due to the external policies, the feeling of under- or over-employment will contribute to decline in individuals’ well-being. On the contrary, Mutari, Figart Power, believe that improvement in workers welfare and happiness is associated with less restrictions and flexible working time. The benefit can accrue to companies that provide a favorable working environment and flexible working hours. Through the non-monetary utility, companies can opt to substitute the favorable working conditions and flexible working hours for a discounted wage for their employees compared to the competitors (2001, p. 23). Voluntary unemployment and income replacement programs The above graph shows the point A representing an individual’s combination of H hou rs and L hours of leisure at a wage rate of w. Income equals to Y. According to the neoclassical theory of labour supply, it is assumed that the only type of unemployment is voluntary in the long-run because the market is assumed to sort itself. Specifically, the movements in the market wage rate will in the long-rum reach unacceptable levels that individual would prefer not to work; instead opt out of employment (Vroman Brusentsev 2005). In the event that an individual becomes unemployed, and all lost income is replaced, the individual moves from point A to point B, as shown below The shift from A to B represents an increase in utility from Uo to U1 possible in the complete incomplete unemployment when an individual becomes unemployed. Income replacement programs in the US include disability insurance, whereby an individual disabled while in employment receives income equal to the initial wage, while increased leisure hours are provided, their level of utility would increase. The assumption includes full compensation for â€Å"pain and suffering† and medical expenses (Nakamura Murayama 2010, p. 665). Effective insurance for the disabled workers requires approved medical physicians assigned to conduct medical examinations aimed at curtailing on fraudulent disability claims by employees. However, partial disability from a work-related injury discounts the wage that the affected worker will be paid. Retrospectively, the income and substitution effects resulting from the wage reduction affects the quantity of labour and time spent in the working place. Because it is only the income effect that results from a loss in utility, the partially disabled employee can be compensated with a replacement scheme large enough to cancel out the income effect caused by the reduced wage. This applies when the desire is to adequately compensate the partially disabled employee (Van der Hulst 2003, p. 171). Conclusion Based on the neoclassical theory of individual labor s upply individuals use of time for both work and leisure. This indifference in an attempt to attain utmost utility of time, and changes in the wage rate greatly impacts the level of utility attained. Neoclassical theory of labor explains the variations in the wages paid to workers through theory of equalizing differences, human capital theory and efficiency wage theory. Consequently, an increase in the wage rate results causes an income effect and substitution effect. However, disutility in the working hours and working time exists in situations whereby excessive time is spent either in work or on leisure. Companies that provide favorable working conditions and flexible working hours have the option of paying a satisfied workforce less-than market wage rate. Furthermore, the change in the market wage rate determines the level upon which individuals prefer leisure for working; a situation called voluntary unemployment. List of References Aspromourgos, T 1986, â€Å"On the origins of the term ‘neoclassical’,† Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 265 -270. Burda, M Wyplosz, C 2009, Macroeconomics: A European Text, 5th edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Caliendo, M, Gambaro, L Haan, P 2009, The impact of income taxation on the ratio between reservation and market wages and the incentives for labour supply, Applied Economics Letters. London, vol. 16, no. 9, p. 877. Casares, M 2010, â€Å"Unemployment as excess supply of labor: Implications for wage and price inflation†, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 57, no. 2, p. 233. Clark, A 2003a, â€Å"Unemployment as a Social Norm: Psychological Evidence from Panel Data†, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 323-351. Clark, A 2003b, â€Å"Unemployment as a Social Norm: Psychological Evidence from Panel Data†, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 289-322. Colander, D, Holt, R Rosser, B 2004, â€Å"The changing face of mainstream economics, † Review of Political Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 485-499. Gupta, MR Dutta, PB 2010, Skilled-unskilled wage inequality, nontraded good and endogenous supply of skilled labour: A theoretical analysis, Economic Modelling, vol. 27, no. 5, p. 923. Hazan, M Maoz, YD 2010, â€Å"Women’s lifetime labor supply and labor market experience†, Journal of Economic Dynamics Control, vol.34, no. 10, pp. 2126-2134. Kaufman, B 2008, â€Å"The Non-Existence of the Labor Demand/Supply Diagram, and other Theorems of Institutional Economics,† Journal of Labor Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 285-299. Mutari, E, Figart, DM Power, M 2001, â€Å"Implicit Wage Theories In Equal Pay Debates In The United States,† Feminist Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 23-52. Nakamura, T Murayama, Y 2010, â€Å"A Complete Characterization Of The Inverted S-Shaped Labor Supply Curve†, Metroeconomica, vol. 61, no. 4, p. 665. Ra nsom, MR Sims, DP 2010, â€Å"Estimating the Firm’s Labor Supply Curve in a â€Å"New Monopsony† Framework: Schoolteachers in Missouri†, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 331. Van der Hulst, M 2003, â€Å"Long work hours and health†, Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, vol. 29, pp. 171-188. Veblen, T 2010, â€Å"Why is Economics not an Evolutionary Science? Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 373-397. Vroman, W Brusentsev, V 2005, Unemployment compensation throughout the world: a comparative analysis, Michigan, W.E. Upjohn Institute. This essay on Neo-Classical Supply of Labour was written and submitted by user Leah Salas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Free Essays on Cheaper By The Dozen

Cheaper By The Dozen â€Å" Cheaper by the Dozen†, based on a real-life story of the Gilbreth family, is a fantastic book. This hilarious comedy about a family with a dozen children kept me in stitches until the end! This family, run like a well oiled machine, took me on Sunday rides through the country, battles in the family court, summers at the sea, Father’s theories on motion study, and the economic removal of the whole families tonsils. I loved it! I find it truly amazing. Not only did the family boast twelve children, but they all learned to speak foreign languages, touch typing, mental arithmetic, and even Morse Code- all because their father worked out dozens of ingenious ways to motivate them- although often it was quite reluctantly on their part. I had many laugh out loud moments, and at times would have enjoyed being a part of this large and loving family, or perhaps raising one of my own in the same manner†¦imagine that! It probably could never happen. I can’t imagine living with twelve brothers and sisters and getting along! Actually, I would not call it getting along; I would call it survival, by jimgo! The Gilbreth family of twelve red-haired, freckle-faced children parented by efficiency experts and pioneers in the field of motion study, Lillian and Frank, were a bit eccentric and extremely funny. I can still remember one of the lines a child blurted out at the dinner table â€Å"Please, we are NOT in the mood for an organ recital.† This was the standard reprimand for belching in the family and never intended for public airing. I also enjoyed the part when one of the children said to a dinner guest, â€Å"Is this of general interest?† Although these twelve children were highly disciplined by their father, (mother, for the most part, would just agree with father) in a couple instances they were able to catch father off guard, like when the children would continually ask him ... Free Essays on Cheaper By The Dozen Free Essays on Cheaper By The Dozen Cheaper By The Dozen â€Å" Cheaper by the Dozen†, based on a real-life story of the Gilbreth family, is a fantastic book. This hilarious comedy about a family with a dozen children kept me in stitches until the end! This family, run like a well oiled machine, took me on Sunday rides through the country, battles in the family court, summers at the sea, Father’s theories on motion study, and the economic removal of the whole families tonsils. I loved it! I find it truly amazing. Not only did the family boast twelve children, but they all learned to speak foreign languages, touch typing, mental arithmetic, and even Morse Code- all because their father worked out dozens of ingenious ways to motivate them- although often it was quite reluctantly on their part. I had many laugh out loud moments, and at times would have enjoyed being a part of this large and loving family, or perhaps raising one of my own in the same manner†¦imagine that! It probably could never happen. I can’t imagine living with twelve brothers and sisters and getting along! Actually, I would not call it getting along; I would call it survival, by jimgo! The Gilbreth family of twelve red-haired, freckle-faced children parented by efficiency experts and pioneers in the field of motion study, Lillian and Frank, were a bit eccentric and extremely funny. I can still remember one of the lines a child blurted out at the dinner table â€Å"Please, we are NOT in the mood for an organ recital.† This was the standard reprimand for belching in the family and never intended for public airing. I also enjoyed the part when one of the children said to a dinner guest, â€Å"Is this of general interest?† Although these twelve children were highly disciplined by their father, (mother, for the most part, would just agree with father) in a couple instances they were able to catch father off guard, like when the children would continually ask him ...

Talking Writing, Music and Editing with Tom Flood

Talking Writing, Music and Editing with Tom Flood Talking Writing, Music and Editing with Tom Flood Tom Flood helped us refine Reedsy from our earliest days. Now we want to share his amazing story. From songwriting to novels and finally manuscript editing, Tom has honed his knowledge of the writing craft over the years, and contributes today to our (aspirationally) literary blog.In one of our most in-depth interviews so far, what started as a conversation about Tom’s agency Flood Manuscripts moved on to cover his work as an editor, a writer, and an independent musician.Tom analyses the oft-invoked parallel between book and music publishing and what the future holds for both these industries. He also shares his own experience as a writer - he made this great observation about identifying oneself as a writer:â€Å"When people ask, ‘What do you do?’ and I answer, ‘Writer, editor, musician,’ the next question is invariably ‘Oh, what do you play?’ Writing is both less and more mysterious. Nearly everyone writes, so it engenders the second q uestion ‘What do you write?’ way less often. The more revealing ‘How do you write like that?’ comes rarely. People think skill in musicianship comes with practice and dexterity, but skill in creative writing? Like art, they believe it’s a gift. The reality is they’re the same.†His tripartite career gives Tom a unique lens through which to see what’s happening right now in the new world of publishing. His advice to writers is both practical / motivating - persevere, keep going - and informed by years of experience editing self-published authors.Hi Tom, you have an impressive portfolio and experience in writing, editing and proofreading. Which one came first in your career? In other words, what made you become an editor?Thanks, Ricardo. I came to editing via writing. I have always been a songwriter but in the 80s, buoyed by a boom of new Australian fiction engendered by the infrastructure built by the short-lived, ground-breaking Le ft government of the 70s, I began to try my pen at short stories, got one published in a short-lived journal, and finding that slow going, switched to the big picture of the novel. The success of that move (three national awards) led to connections in the world of publishing and I began occasional award judging, assessment through our major residential writers’ centre, and some editing for publishers throughout the 90s, also being commissioned to write a theatre piece and a feature film. That all petered out as I moved back towards music performance and had a stab at academia.In 2003, with a string of part-time jobs, and looking to find new income streams, I began working through the net for a few large assessment/appraisal services in other states, a relatively new industry, reading and advising across a wide range of prose writing. A year later my artist partner suggested I start my own to fund living through a PhD, and a writing client created the first Flood Manuscripts w ebsite. Within a year it was full-time assessment and clients began to ask if I would mentor them, act as agent, ghostwriter and all manner of services I had no intention of taking up. Dumping the doctorate to ride the growing self-pub wave with Flood Manuscripts, the next step was mentoring, structural editing and copy editing, and finally proofreading, as Aussie writers began to become impatient with the trade publishers and adept at dealing with the digital, their needs evolving. I keep the service personal, despite many suggestions to expand into an agency, because I like to be at the coalface.You have also both won and been a judge to major writing awards in Australia, how did that start, and what do these awards represent for you as an author? (Is that just a nice acknowledgement of your craft or something you’re genuinely proud of?)Awards! Without them Flood Manuscripts wouldn’t exist. Despite both parents writing pretty successfully (my mother, Dorothy Hewett, was a well-known poet and playwright), neither had published with a mainstream press. I made my name in fiction by winning our premier manuscript award, the prize including publication by Allen Unwin, and that novel then took out more awards, including our oldest and best known fiction prize, the Miles Franklin Award. Everything else I have been lucky enough to be involved with has stemmed from those awards. Flood Manuscripts’ clients have since taken out even more awards, mostly international, and yes, I’m very proud to be a small part of that.We are in London, and most of our audience is in the US. But you live in Australia, so can you tell us how the publishing landscape looks like over there? How â€Å"big† are ebooks and self-publishing?I think we’re trailing a decade behind USA in some aspects, particularly genre, as we are a small market and still retain a certain English literariness in our publishing landscape, largely fed by our tertiary educat ion system. That said, we were and still are ahead in acceptance of manuscript assessment /appraisal as an essential part of that landscape. Once convinced, Australians do have a fast technology take-up and self-pub is really developing into a snowball.Has the â€Å"digital revolution† truly changed your career, or do you feel you continue working with authors more or less like you did before?Flood Manuscripts is a child of the digital ‘revolution’. 98% of my work is sourced, contracted, paid and completed via the net. That has grown from about 70% over a decade. I’m receiving around one paper manuscript a year. I prefer to read and edit digitally for work, although I still like to read paper for pleasure. I like the ancient craft of bookbinding. It will be a shame if we lose that art form to the economics of the trade.Songwriting, though, has not changed for me. The pen is still mighty, the pencil mightier, and scraps of waste paper litter the study on ev ery surface. With the novel, I began handwriting it in ‘85, moved to a borrowed typewriter, then a borrowed word processor, and finally finished the last drafts on a redundant computer with bootlegged software (WordStar) from my partner’s work place. I was over 30, on the dole, and on the rebound from an art pop band in Sydney. I don’t think I actually got on the net until 2003.This is a traditional question in our interviews: does working directly with an author (indie or hybrid) make it easier or harder for you? Does the absence of a traditional publishing structure change the way you communicate with the author?Except in the early days before Flood Manuscripts, I’ve almost always worked directly with authors. I don’t court the trade publishers because there are so few here and they don’t outsource much anyway. How it continues to change is in the speed, volume and creativity of new digital ventures and what they offer to litworkers. As an assessor, keeping up with even a small part of that change is a challenge.You are also a musician, singer and songwriter in the acoustic trio Blues Angels. The music industry and the publishing one are often compared, many people proclaiming that what happened in music will happen to books. What’s your opinion on that?Conventional wisdom has had the popular music evolution in four phases: 1) sign with a big label; 2) music publishers make big money from big musicians and use some of those profits to develop new talent; 3) big musicians realise they’re leaving money on the table and set up their own labels (self-publishing), resulting in music publishers dwindling and new musicians having no corporate sponsorship; 4) digi-platforms like iTunes do the same as Amazon/KDP/Kindle and new musicians go direct to consumers (less 30%), but there is new pressure to discount or give away material for free; and we can now add phase 5) big musicians realise how much money they are leaving on the distributors’ table and abandon digital platforms (Taylor Swift/Spotify, Radiohead /iTunes). New musicians have no sponsor, make no money from Spotify and can’t sell on iTunes without a massive marketing spend.The book trade significantly differs to music in that it doesn’t have a regular large performance aspect, although writers are often performers at festivals, schools, readings, etc., and libraries aren’t really a power in the same way in the music trade, although ideas like Self-E and the digital library may significantly endanger lending rights payments in the pursuit of ‘going viral’. It’s not a matter of ‘will happen’; it already has, at least to level 4. Writing, like music, has gone digital and that digital product is being given away in the millions to create traction towards a fame of sorts and is being streamed, not quite like Spotify et al, through Kindle Owners Lending Library, but podcasting and YouTube are pushing text more into performance re audiobooks, book trailers, and even as the music industry has been digitally driven back towards the single as its principal product, so Kindle Shorts, blogging, social media publishing and other developments continue to drive fiction back towards the heyday of shorter forms. Will this be a boon to poetry? It should be, but I haven’t seen a Shorts- or YouTube-based boom in verse, though it’s early days yet. I do see bundling going on in either form by both indies and trade, both live and product-based, and I expect we’ll see even more specific-subject social media appearing, like mootis, a Twitter for legals, and new models for crowdfunding, like Patreon.This is the big picture, but as with BluesAngels, who don’t operate in the world of popular music, we do our gigs and small festivals, make our recordings and sell our music at those live gigs, then rinse and repeat. Sure, we’ve put it up digit ally on iTunes and Spotify, but we don’t expect to compete with the pop forms; we don’t have that kind of money. So far we’ve made eight cents from streaming. Indie authors can and do still exist at this same level. I have a long term client with Flood Manuscripts who self-pubbed a hardback verse novel, offset printed, and took it on the road to sell – door to door! He’s sold 15,000 over a number of years, making him a best seller in Australian poetry, and funded an audio CD, but he doesn’t register on Bookscan, nor have the poetry awards or Amazon ever heard of him.A hard question now: do you prefer being an author, and editor or a musician? Where do you feel you have more creative freedom?The last one was hard. Creative freedom might just be a curse to some. Many artists prefer a given structure within which to work, although I’m not one of them. Some like to push the boundaries of form, others to innovate within those boundaries, a nd others prefer to capitalise on proven market structures. Creative freedom is not a term I think about or relate to, perhaps because I have it? Perhaps not: like writers’ block, I don’t think you can pin down what it is. As to author, editor, musician, all three can be personally satisfying.Some say that certain media are better than others to express a particular message. Do you think music allows you to express some things that you cannot in writing, and vice-versa?As an aural form based on sound, not words, and not limited by language, only taste, music is probably capable of appealing more indefinably to the emotions, but I’m a songster, so for me it’s a vehicle to carry fewer words more urgently to the audience, kinda like poetry, but it can and does operate differently. Unlike writing, there are also visible tools, and people do appreciate visible, live craft. When people ask, ‘What do you do?’ and I answer, ‘Writer, editor, mus ician,’ the next question is invariably ‘Oh, what do you play?’ Writing is both less and more mysterious. Nearly everyone writes, so it engenders the second question ‘What do you write?’ way less often. The more revealing ‘How do you write like that?’ comes rarely. People think skill in musicianship comes with practice and dexterity, but skill in creative writing? Like art, they believe it’s a gift. The reality is they’re the same.Finally, if you had one word of advice for authors (mainstream, indie, hybrid) in 2015, what would it be?I’m a novelist! Even tweets give us more than one word, but when it comes to publishing, I shuffle between ‘Persevere’ and ‘Quit’, but ‘Time Management’ may be two words worth contemplating. Things are both worse and better for authors than at any time in the history of printing, but the history of authors is millennia older. What we’re seein g today is the very rapid furthering of the democratisation of publishing. Making money is a relatively new notion in that history. What is an author? A writer: or a writer who is published? With the rise of self-pub, ‘is published’ is changing to ‘has published’, from passive to active, but an author is simply an originator. So my advice to authors, as always, is mundane; if you enjoy writing, keep learning by reading and doing, and you will be constantly challenged to go further. It is principally a vocation. If you want to become a publisher, you’re back to square one – an ingà ©nue - set out to learn your new set of jobs thoroughly, and keep learning and doing.Thanks a lot for your time, Tom, and for sharing these fantastic insights with us.Thanks, Ricardo, for this opportunity, and thanks to the Reedsy crew for authoring this quality new service.Follow Flood Manuscripts and Reedsy on Facebook!What do you think about Tom’s story? A re we right in drawing parallels between the book and music industries? What fundamental differences do you see, and what’s the future going to look like? Leave us your thoughts, along with any question for Tom, in the comments below.

Cuban Missile Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cuban Missile Crisis - Research Paper Example This paper focuses on the Cuban missile crisis and the role of Kennedy in managing and promptly resolving the crisis. Cuban missile crisis Soviet Union approach In the early 1960s, the Soviet Union was much less powerful than the United States in the field of strategic nuclear missiles. During that time the United States was trying to cause the downfall of the communist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba. As USA was gaining power by developing strategic nuclear missiles, the Soviet Union felt it imperative to protect Cuba from a future USA attack by building nuclear arsenal in Cuba especially after the failed attempts by the US to conquer Cuba via operations like Bay of Pigs and Operation Mongoose2. Previous warning of Kennedy For some time back Soviet Union has been blatantly sending weaponry to Cuba including surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles. During that time Kennedy was occupied with his campaigning which was conducted by the Republicans for the congressional elections in Nov ember. To stay in the favorable view of the Republicans Kennedy at that time said that he would not interfere with Soviet Union’s alliance with Cuba but he warned that if Soviet Union would start sending offensive weapons to Cuba then the ‘the gravest issues would arise’. ... Kennedy’s National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy showed the president some photographs of the missiles which were taken from high altitudes by U-2 planes while flying over Cuba two days back. The CIA had already reviewed the photos and identified the objects as medium range ballistic missiles. The United States at that time held the leading position in the world in the field of nuclear weapons having more than 25,000 nuclear weapons in their arsenal. The Soviet Union had less than half of this figure4. The reason of delay in getting the photographs During the 1962 U.S. mid-term elections there was the fear of grave political and diplomatic consequences of the Soviet Union shooting down U-2 planes with their surface to air missiles. This resulted in the delay of sending U-2 planes over Cuba. This fear was overcome when John McCone who was the Director of Central intelligence persuaded Kennedy to give permission to send U-2 planes over Cuba and this course of action resulted i n the discovery of the nuclear arsenal that Soviet Union was building in Cuba. The arsenal had not yet become operational5. Kennedy’s handling of the crisis The Excomm Kennedy decided to consult a wide range of people before implementing any plans. He formed a small group called the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (Excomm) as his consultant. The members of the group included his brother Robert Kennedy who was an attorney general. All the conversations that were held in the meetings of the Excomm were recorded in a tape recorder that Kennedy had installed without the knowledge of the committee members6. Various options In the first day of the meeting all the members suggested bombing Cuba but the difference of opinion was on the scale of the attack. Kennedy and some others

Leadership Interview Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Interview Paper - Essay Example or the final round of the interview was the main part of the selection process as it aimed to analyze the leadership quality of the interviewee and evaluate his leadership knowledge implementation skill. Leadership is a quality of a human being by which he or she can effectively control a group of people or situation. It is a tough ability which affects the behavior of any human being for accomplishing a mission. It is the quality to influence or motivate single or a group of people to go ahead towards the assigned goal and achieve the goal. All these can be summarized as that, a leader is simply someone who has the ability to create a path and lead others to follow it. So without any experience no one can be a leader i.e. he should have comparatively better knowledge from others i.e. the follower then only he can lead a group of people. A leader needs to have some essential previous experiences to become a leader and that would be very helpful to develop the leadership style of a person. One is working in a team as well as leading the team by the knowledge and skills and proper understanding of group dynamics. To lead a team or group of people who are involved in similar kind of work, the person or group leader needs to have better knowledge of and expertise on the particular work than other team members. It is only then that he or she can guide or lead the team and can motivate the members to go forward to achieve the assigned goal effectively. Second important experience that a leader needs to have is protesting against an unfaithful and unethical happening and encouraging his followers to do that as well. If a person is guiding a group of people the person can be called a successful leader only when his or her followers follow his positive or negative path of direction to achieve the goal. Positive path refers to the working of a group together to achieve a set target which can be either a company target or, a long term project or it can even be a

Drug Addiction - Essay Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction Essay Essay Drug addiction is a pathological or abnormal condition which arises due to frequent drug use. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of acute drug use to the development of drug-seeking behavior, the vulnerability to relapse, and the decreased, slowed ability to respond to naturally rewarding stimuli. Causes Drugs known to cause addiction include illegal drugs as well as prescription or over-the-counter drugs, according to the definition of the American Society of Addiction Medicine. †¢ Stimulants: o Amphetamine and methamphetamine o Cocaine o Nicotine †¢ Sedatives and hypnotics: o Alcohol o Barbiturates o Benzodiazepines, particularly flunitrazepam, triazolam, temazepam, and nimetazepam o Methaqualone and the related quinazolinone sedative-hypnotics †¢ Opiate and opioid analgesics o Morphine and codeine, the two naturally occurring opiate analgesics o Semi-synthetic opiates, such as heroin (diacetylmorphine), oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone o Fully synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, meperidine/pethidine, and methadone HEROIN- The German drug company Bayer named its new over the counter drug Heroin in 1895. [7] The name was derived from the German word heroisch (heroic) due to its perceived heroic effects upon a user.[7] It was chiefly developed as a morphine substitute for cough suppressants that did not have morphines addictive side-effects. Morphine at the time was a popular recreational drug, and Bayer wished to find a similar but non-addictive substitute to market.[8] However, contrary to Bayers advertising as a non-addictive morphine substitute, heroin would soon have one of the highest rates of  dependence amongst its users.[9] Diacetylmorphine is used as a recreational drug for the transcendent relaxation and intense euphoria it induces. Anthropologist Michael Agar once described heroin as the perfect whatever drug.[23] Tolerance quickly develops, and users need more of the drug to achieve the same effects. Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine, reportedly stems from its perceived different effects.[24] In particular, users report an intense rush that occurs while the diacetylmorphine is being metabolized into 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and morphine in the brain. Diacetylmorphine produces more euphoria than other opioids upon injection. One of the most common methods of illicit heroin use is via intravenous injection (colloquially termed slamming or shooting up). effects- Large doses of heroin can cause fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a murder weapon. cost- Price The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that the retail price of brown heroin varies from â‚ ¬14.5 per gram in Turkey to â‚ ¬110 per gram in Sweden, with most European countries reporting typical prices of â‚ ¬35-40 per gram. The price of white heroin is reported only by a few European countries and ranged between â‚ ¬27 and â‚ ¬110 per gram †¢ RISK- For intravenous users of heroin (and any other substance), the use of non-sterile needles and syringes and other related equipment leads to several serious risks: o the risk of contracting blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis o the risk of contracting bacterial or fungal endocarditis and possibly venous sclerosis o abscesses †¢ Poisoning from contaminants added to cut or dilute heroin †¢ Chronic constipation †¢ Addiction and increasing tolerance †¢ Physical dependence can result from prolonged use of all opioids,  resulting in withdrawal symptoms on cessation of use †¢ Decreased kidney function (although it is not currently known if this is due to adulterants or infectious diseases)[47] CRACKHEADS GONE WILD Tony had a promising future as a professional athlete. Now he stands in front of a rundown house in Atlanta. My momma always told me, you can be anything you want, he says. This is what I brought my being down to. He holds up a pebble of crack between thumb and forefinger. This is the most important thing in my life. If I had to choose between you and the blow, Id forget you. Miami Slim, a greying black woman who has been addicted to cocaine since 1981, recalls her shame at sitting in a room with $7,000 of crack on the table and being unable to give her five-year-old son 50 cents to buy an ice cream. These are just two of the characters from Crackheads Gone Wild, an American DVD that takes the gonzo documentary genre made notorious by the 2002 video Bumfights (a series of tramp-fighting vignettes) to distressing new extremes. It presents uncensored real stories of crack addicts in Atlanta while drawing on the voyeuristic appeal and entertainment value of reality TV. Like Hollywoods upcoming action-romp Snakes on a Plane, the title alone plays on a brazen marketing nous. And it even has its own snappy logo an illustration of a zombie-like bug-eyed crackhead. The DVD has sold 60,000 copies since release in December, primarily from sales through its website, crackheadsgonewild.com. Its creator, Daryl Master Mind Smith, a 30-year-old graduate from North Carolina Central University with a degree in marketing, maintains his film is intended to raise awareness of the crack problem in American cities. But we also tried to make it entertaining, he says, otherwise no one would want to watch it and the message wouldnt get across. To this end, there is footage of a couple having sex in a park while simultaneously taking hits off their crack pipes. Smith claims he didnt solicit the footage. We just walked up on them. They didnt care. I never gave anyone more than $5 or something to eat to film them. They wanted to do it because they wanted people to know their stories. One white female addict, clearly ravaged beyond her years, makes an impassioned plea for understanding on a street corner but is undermined by a man performing a  jerky dance behind her as he takes a hit off his pipe. A woman, posting a message on the films website under the name punkin1980, says she recognised the man as the father she hadnt seen in five years. It saddend (sic) me to look at him like that. Wherever he is now, I just want him to know that punkin still and always will love him. Smith defends himself: In my mind, the exploitation was done for a good reason. What I was doing was exploiting the part of life that people choose to ignore. I just put it out there for people to see. Fuelled by mainstream rap culture and shows like MTVs Jackass, there is a burgeoning market for such films. One series of DVDs consisting of nothing more than amateur footage of street fighting is sold under the title Ghetto Brawls. Bumfights which racked up $5 million in sales worldwide, featured alcoholic vagrants who were plied with booze and encouraged to perform stunts that included having their teeth extracted with pliers. Its makers were taken to court in a civil trial in 2003 for soliciting battery and promoting illegal fights. They received small fines and probationary sentences. There seems little chance that those behind Crackheads Gone Wild will end up in the courts. Smith says he obtained release forms from everyone who appears in the video and wont use footage from those that refused. He says he knew some of the people he filmed over a period of years and watched them slowly deteriorate. Many of these people are highly intelligent. I have footage of a lady who has a masters degree in education and used to work on Capitol Hill. She got hooked on drugs and now shes homeless. The point of the movie is: do not even try crack or this is what it will reduce you to. You will not have any control over your life and you will live and die for the drug.

Origin vs. Settlement Essay -- US Immigration, Transnationalism

The United States is a country which gathers people from different places. Those people who cross over from another country to America the transnational people. There are some critiques which argue that the transnational people will only keep their origins and return to their home country. If they are involved in politics, it will only benefit their original countries. However, I think those transnational people are trying to find their belongings by participating in politics in the United States by referring to the case studies on the Union of Democratic Filipinos, Saigon Nationalism, and the Indian-US civil nuclear deal. Transnational is the people who leave their originally countries to move to other countries. â€Å"The contemporary use of "transnational" to describe border crossing activities "from below"-by immigrants, migrants, sojourners† (Collet and Lien, 11). In addition, there is also a definition of transnationalism Glick Schiller and her colleagues formally define transnationalism as "the processes by which immigrants forge and sustain multi-stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement" (Basch et al. 1994: 6). For them, it is "a process by which migrants, through daily life activities and social, economic and political relations create social fields that cross national boundaries. (11) The transnationalism allows the transnational people to keep both their ethnic tie to their origin; at the same time participate and involve in the politic in the United States and being loyal to the United States. Personally, I believe those naturalized transnational citizens will be the trustworthy people to be active in the United States politics. Even though they were not born in the United ... ...democratic Vietnam. Such attitudes tended to frustrate local political parties eager to co-opt Vietnamese American voters in registration drives. (63) Those believes prevent the Americans to vote for transnational candidates because they are feared that those candidates will put down their responsibilities to return back to their origins. However, I think if the Americans do not give those candidates the chance to show their loyalties, nothing will come true. Their non-voting action also discourages some people to give to be involved in politics. America is a multi-ethnic country where it accepts all people from all over the world. America needs show its acceptance to those transnational people to allow those people to show their loyalties to the United States. This way will encourage more Asian Americans to be involves in politics to find their belongings.

Theory of aging

Ageing or aging is the process of getting older. Age is commonly taken into account in social interaction and age differentiation is commonly a basis for allocating social roles and resources. A theory of aging or a formal intervention strategy, by its very nature as a human activity, always contains a story with implicit and explicit meanings or ontological images of human nature, its development and its teleology. This article focuses the social, cultural, and economic effects of ageing. Aging is an important part of all human societies reflecting the biological changes that occur, but also reflecting cultural and societal conventions. Age is usually, but wholly arbitrarily, measured in years and a person’s birthday is often an important event. As a feature of social change and as an aspect of social stratification, ageing and age groups have been seriously neglected by sociological theory. To conceptualize age groups in a multi-dimensional model of stratification this considers ageing in relation to economic class, political entitlement, or citizenship, and cultural life-styles. Theories given by many sociologists on aging are as follows:- Modernization Theory This is the view that the status of the elderly has declined since industrialization and the spread of technology. Disengagement Theory This is the idea that separation of older people from active roles in society is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals. Activity Theory A view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life. Continuity Theory The view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life that they have developed in earlier years. Cognitive Theory A view of aging that emphasizes individual subjective perception, rather than actual objective change itself, as the factor that determines behavior associated with advanced age. Demographic Transition Theory The idea that population aging can be explained by a decline in both birthrates and death rates following industrialization. Exchange Theory The idea that interaction in social groups is based on the reciprocal balancing of rewards depending on actions performed. The impact of social and sociocultural conditions and social consequences of the process of aging is termed as social gerontology. Normal declines in all organ systems, usually occurring after age 30. (The period between Birth – 30 years is usually called â€Å"Development† or â€Å"Maturation†) The future of public welfare with regard to older people is being questioned in all industrial societies, thus it is more important than ever to understand the relationship between old age and public policy. Older people have been expected to adjust to the reification of age into convenient social categories for the purposes of resource distribution and rationing. It is important in health and social welfare, the social and health deficits become translated into need, how need can be forestalled or optimum conditions created for its alleviation, and what can be done to promote the quality of life in old age by practical means. We turn to mental health theorists to elaborate our definition of life satisfaction and well-being and then to psychological research to suggest how to prepare ourselves now for a good old age in the future. Many older people face many problems, without programs for the aging and the human services workers who help older people use them, many more would be in difficult circumstances. As more and more elderly live longer life spans it is likely that many of those older individuals in their sixties and seventies may have surviving partners, which is a new phenomenon in our society. Many elderly people are healthy, vital, and in good financial circumstances. The term â€Å"young old† categorizes the health and social characteristics of the elderly rather than the very old. On the other hand, improvements in health care and the quality of life have made it possible for people to live longer. On the other hand, for many older people survival into old age is not a blessing. Many suffer from poverty; isolation, and no productivity. The large population has become a problem for society, as we have not created channels for productive use of leisure time and means for old people to meet their own needs successfully. On the whole, our society is ill prepared to cope with the increasing number of older people. To work successfully with older people, it is important to understand their social status today in relation to changes that have occurred in this century. In addition, it is important to understand the aging process and the strengths and weaknesses of people in the later phases of life in coping with their status and problems. In the eastern culture’s respect for old age, the elderly were given status and power of life and death over the young, perhaps old age was a better time of life than young adulthood. Many of these ancient values have transcended time and exist today in Eastern cultures, where the elderly are generally revered and, therefore, are well cared for by the society as a whole. Aging is a disease that reaches all of us, but its symptoms can be postponed with the proper combination of diet, supplementation and exercise. Reference: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare:-  By University of Connecticut School of Social Work, Western Michigan University College of Health and Human Services, Western Michigan University School of Social Work 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enduring Questions in Gerontology  By Debra J. Sheets, Dana Burr Bradley, Jon Hendricks 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Policies for an Aging Society  By David L. Shactman 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Housing an Aging Society: Issues, Alternatives, and Policy  By Robert J. Newcomer, Mortimer Powell Lawton, Thomas O. Byerts 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aging Families and Use of Proverbs for Values Enrichment  By Vera R. Jackson 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ageing, Status Politics and Sociological Theory Bryan S. Turner         

Students Deal with Stress

Students Deal With Stress â€Å"Hey, I’m stressed of homework and studying, let’s have a drink†, said by the majority of freshmen students. Alcohol is the easiest coping mechanism to students because we are exposed to alcohol more than anything else. Throughout high school, most students are shown â€Å"the ways† of drinking. Lots of students find out the positive outcomes of drinking; relaxation, relief of stress, temporarily happiness, but they tend to avoid the negative outcomes; laziness, forgetfulness, and physical damage to the body.Everyone has personal stressors that drive them to drinking. Freshmen have very similar and critical stressors though. Home sickness, studies, lack or loss of relationships are things that students deal with every day. With every stressor, there is a way to cope with it, without resorting to alcohol. For example, when students miss home they should try to make their new place just as comfortable and they should never be s hy to call their parents. To deal with lost friends from moving on to university, make new friends!You can still keep in touch with past friends, but making new friends while at university is an essential part of feeling happy and relieving stress while at school. In addition, joining a club or sports team helps to make new friends and is useful as a stress reliever. For example, I joined a volleyball team, and this is a good time to get out of my place to go have some fun, and forget about school for a bit, this usually results in me avoiding drinking. To regards with studying, take breaks, treat yourself and remember trying hard is all you can do, so never be disappointed if you put forth an honest effort.There are several ways to avoid stress. Make new friends, go out for supper to avoid cooking or cafeteria food, call family and friends, have leisure times, join a team, don’t cram study, have effective time management so daily schedules aren’t so jam packed and str essful, these are all great ways to overcome stressors without using alcohol or drugs. This being said, drinking alcohol at high rates is detrimental to health, but drinking responsibly isn’t a bad thing to do. In my opinion, there is always room for a couple of beers on the weekend with friends.There are several ways of coping with stress. Meditation, self-talk, and therapy are all coping strategies used to release psychological stress. Coping mechanisms are better than avoiding them, because these coping techniques actually eliminates stresses on your mind, while things like sports and friends just put stress away temporarily. For example, at the beginning of the year I had my childhood dog pass away, and one of my friends pass away in a car accident. To deal with this major stressor, I chose to get therapy because it was a very hard thing to deal with by myself at university.Of course when this tragedy happened, I thought of drinking the pain away was an option, but I knew this wasn’t the best solution. Therapy worked great, it actually decreased the amount of stress I had every day and it helped me move forward with my life. Stressors are easy to overcome, find something to occupy personal time to avoid stress (sports, friends, leisure time, etc. ) or coping mechanisms to deal with them (therapy, meditation, self-talk, etc. ). Nevertheless, if these stress relievers were taught to students more, there would be less university freshmen resolving to drinking when they are stressed.University students do deal with major and minor stressors day-to-day and they can be dealt with properly rather by overusing drugs and alcohol. Thus, promotion of stress relievers would be beneficial for the student population because it would help their health, budget and success rate. In conclusion, drinking alcohol is a very unhealthy and stupid way of dealing with stress and there are several healthier and smarter ways of dealing and coping with stress. Reference s Fahey, T. D. (2010). Fit and well, core concepts and labs in physical fitness and wellness. (2nd ed. ). Insel, P. (2012). Core concepts in health. (Canadian ed. ).

Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Essays Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Push / Pull factor in Tourism Introduction Modern touristry has become one of the strongest and most singular phenomena of the clip. To detect its true nature, one must try to understand how the assorted constituents are connected to each other, and what are the causes and effects, the speculations and the worlds. One must first hold on the workings of the mechanism before he can find the agencies of commanding, altering, and bettering it. But the connexions are discernable if one limits himself to a narrow, sector-based position ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . The greatest ground for travel can be summed up in one work, â€Å"Escape† , flight from the dull, day-to-day modus operandi ; escape from the familiar, the common topographic point, the ordinary ; flight from the occupation, the foreman, the client, the commutation, the house the lawn, the leaky spigots. The benefits of touristry can be broad ranging, widening to benefits to the economic system, societal life for people populating in finishs every bit good as personal benefits to tourist ( UNWTO 1999 ; Bureau International du Tourisme Sociale ( BITS ) 2006 ) . These touristry benefits have been found to include: remainder and convalescence from work ; proviso of new experiences ladling to a widening of skylines and the chance for larning and intercultural communicating ; publicity of peace and apprehension ; personal and societal development ; sing friends and relations ; spiritual pilgrims journey and wellness ( Dann, 1977 ) . Push / Pull Factor Although a universally agree-upon conceptualisation of the tourer motive concept is still missing ( Fodness, 1994 ) , the push/pull theoretical account is accepted by many research workers ( Dann, 1977 ; 1981 ; Crompton, 1979 ; Zhang and Lam, 1999 ; Jang and Cai, 2002 ; Hsu and Lam, 2003 ) . Push factors are defined as internal motivations or forces that cause tourers to seek activities to cut down their demands, while pull factors are finish generated forces and the cognition that tourists hold about a finish ( Gnoth, 1997 ) . Most push factors are instrinsic incentives, such as the desire for flight, remainder and relaxation, prestigiousness, wellness and fittingness, escapade and societal interaction. Pull factors emerge due to the attraction of a finish, including beaches, diversion installations and cultural attractive forces ( Uysal and Jurowski, 1994 ) . Traditionally, push factors are considered of import in originating travel desire, while pull factors are considered more de cisive in explicating finish pick ( Crompton, 1979, Bello and Etzel, 1985 ) . Crompton ( 1979 ) identifies two bunchs of motivations among pleasance vacationists, viz. socio-psychological motivations and cultural motivations. Nine motivations were generated based on an analysis of 39 unstructured interviews. the seven socio-psychological motivations are ; flight from a perceived mundane environment, geographic expedition and rating of ego, relaxation, prestigiousness, arrested development, sweetening of kinship relationships and facilitation of societal interaction ; those classified as cultural motivations are novelty and instruction. Although non expressed, Crompton hopes to associate these motivations to force and draw factors by reasoning that push factors for a holiday are socio-psychological motivations, while pull factors are cultural motivations. Similarly, Dann ( 1977 ) builds his theory based on two conceptualisations: anomy and eo-enhancement. By taking a sociological attack to tourist motive, Dann identifies anomy and ego-enhancement as two of import travel motivations. He farther argues that both motivations are ‘push factors. Anomie represents the desire to exceed the feeling of isolation obtained in mundane life, where the tourer merely wishes to ‘get off from it all . On the other manus, ego-enhancement derives from the degree of personal demands. Merely as in the demand for societal interaction people wish to be recognized. The demand to hold one s self-importance enhanced or boosted is correspondent to the desire for a ‘bodily warm-up . Dann ( 1977 ) distinguishes the features of alienated tourers and ego-enhancement tourers. The alienated tourers are typically immature, married, male, above-average socio-economic position, from little towns and rural countries, and repetition visitants. Ego-enhancement tourers represent the opposite terminal of spectrum. This group is more likely female, first-time visitants, from lower socio-economic strata and older than alienated tourers. Dann favours ‘push factors, and argues that an scrutiny of ‘push factors is logically, and frequently temporally, an ancestor to ‘pull factors. Furthermore, he argues that the inquiry of ‘what makes tourers travel can merely associate to the ‘push factors, as this inquiry is barren of finish or value content demands of ‘pull factors. While Dann admits that both the anomy and ego-enhancement constructs stem from ‘push factors, he does non see the relationship between these two constructs as dichotomous. Alternatively, he constructs his theoretical model as a continuum, with anomie and ego-enhancement as the polar co-ordinates. The pull factors are active athleticss environment, alone natural environment, safety, sunlight, inexpensiveness, cultural activities, amusement, sightseeing, local civilization, different civilization and culinary art and singularity of little towns/villages/mountains. From the above descriptions of anomy and ego-enhancement, it should be clear that non merely does go stand for the fulfillment of certain basic demands in the possible tourers, but that in so making it offers him an alternate universe to that in which he daily lives. It can be argued, for case, that in the humdrum of suburban area, the faceless metropolis or the public small town, life merely becomes tolerable with the idea that there are opportunities of periodic flight from such an being, and that travel provides the ideal mercantile establishments. Tourist Motivation Human society, one time so sedentary, has begun to travel. Today a hurried mobility has obsessed most of the dwellers of the industrialised states. One seizes every chance to liberate oneself. To get away the ennui of mundane life every bit frequently as possible: short excursions during the hebdomad or week-end, long trips during holidaies. Cipher wants anything more fierily for their old age than a secondary abode. Above all, one does non desire to remain home but to acquire off at any monetary value ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . The topic of tourer motive involves inquiries about why people travel. However, placing clearly the relationships between an person s motives and choice of a finish is a hard undertaking. Krippendorf ( 1987 ) , for case, identified a figure of tourer motives, including: Convalescence and regeneration ; Compensation and societal integrating ; Escape ; Communication ; Broadening the head ; Freedom and self-government ; Self-fulfillment ; Happiness. Jointly, these motives reflect that ‘the traveler is a mixture of many features that can non be merely assigned into this class or that one ( Krippendorf, 1987: 28 ) . He furthers provinces that, adult male spends portion of his leisure clip in nomadic leisure activities, that is in travel, which opens a window to the universe of the ordinary. This going or flight is typified and conditioned by specific influences, motives, and outlooks. The intents of travel constitute the polar antonym of day-to-day life: they represent the non-ordinary. In this context, it is particularly interesting to analyze the behavior and experiences of travelers, the fortunes and environment of the people visited ( the hosts ) , and the brushs between travelers and other travelers, particularly between travelers and hosts. The system of work home ground leisure travel is enclosed in a big model and influenced by the force which governs it. One can separate four major spheres of these forces, which are connected to each other by legion interactions: society with its value system ( sociocultural subsystem ) ; the economic system and its construction ( economic subsystem ) ; the environment and its resources ( ecological subsystem ) ; the authorities and its policies ( political subsystem ) ( Rotach, Mauch, and Gueller 1982: 35ff ) . Krippendorf believes that the chief motivation for touristry is to get away from something that we feel is incorrect in our day-to-day lives. In today s extremely technological universe we feel trapped in modus operandis and committednesss over which we have no control, says Krippendorf. Presents, the demand to go is above wholly created by society and marked by the ordinary. Peoples leave because they no longer experience at easiness where they are, where they work, and where they live. They feel an pressing demand to free themselves temporarily of the loads imposed by the mundane work, place and leisure scenes, in order to be in a fit province, to pick the load up once more. Their work is more and more mechanized, bureaucratized, and determined without respect to their wants. Deep inside, they feel the humdrum of the ordinary, the cold reason of mills, offices, flat edifices, and the main road substructure, the poverty of human contact, the repression of feelings, the debasement of nature, and the loss of nature ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . Kripendorf high spots, besides the motive, the society has at the same time furnished to its members the agencies of transporting out this flight: money, in the signifier of higher income ; and clip, thanks to more and more limited work agendas. But most of import of all, industry has developed the true premier mover of nomadic society. The auto and, to a lesser extent, the aeroplane have ushered in the nomadic leisure revolution and have brought it to today s province in barely two decennaries and at an astonishing velocity. The society makes available the diversion industry, which plays in a sense the function of friend and adviser. This industry has taken over free clip. It provides non merely assorted sorts of satisfaction, but besides creates, if necessary, the corresponding wants and desires ( Traitler 1971: 28 ) . Many plants to a big extent, in order to be able to take holidaies, and he needs holidaies to be able to travel back to work ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . The work moral principle has allowed many accomplishments: particularly the much hoped for material wellbeing, the riddance ( or about so ) of poorness, and the reduced work hebdomad. But following to this undeniable advancement, the moral principle has besides brought major jobs which weigh more and more to a great extent in the graduated tables and which are felt by a turning figure of people: the loss of intending in one s occupation ( as a effect of mass production and of the utmost division of labor ) , an of all time decreasing satisfaction with work and with life ( Yankelovich, 1978 ; Noelle-Neumann 1983 ) , the stiff and changeless organisation of clip, the phenomena of emphasis and ennui and the turning â€Å"medicalization† of lives ( Isopublic 1982 ; Opaschowski, 1983 ) , and most particularly, the addition in unemployment ( Kenward, 1983 ) . Social Tourism The benefits of engagement have prompted many authoritiess to advance entree to leisure travel as positive societal and economic activities. However, authorities commissariats to guarantee equality of entree to touristry are non cosmopolitan runing from silent support to direct investing in the proviso of services in the signifier of societal touristry ( European Commission 2001 ) . In Europe active support for societal touristry can be traced back to the Christian motion in France and Switzerland, the early young person motions in Germany and workers educational collectives. However, there are political, cultural and moral dimensions to the arguments based on different positions on the ideological and cardinal function of the province in the proviso of vacation services that has resulted in diverse proviso of vacation services that has resulted in diverse proviso of entree to touristry chances. In the UK for illustration, the European theoretical account has non been followed and there is concern about an ‘over-work civilization ( Bunting 2004 ) . Similarly, the US has witnessed both long-run eroding in leisure clip and a leaning for shorter vacations ( Schor, 1991 ) whilst in Japan, vacation clip has traditionally been even more scaring ( Richards 1999 ) . Therefore cultural attitudes towards holidaymaking could impact political support for societal touristry as a policy tool. Social touristry can be described as â€Å"the relationships and phenomena in the field of touristry ensuing from engagement in travel by economically weak or otherwise deprived elements of society† ( Hunzinger, â€Å"Social touristry, its nature and jobs, † quoted in ETB and TUC 1976, 5 ) . It involves the proviso of holidaies for people who can afford them merely with the assistance of a 3rd party. Although the purpose of societal touristry is Unitarian in philosophy-to extend the benefits of holidaies to a broader section of society-it is expressed in a assortment of signifiers. Trade brotherhoods in industrialised states have long sought and won paid holiday clip for their members, and by illustration, have won similar rights for most industrial and service workers. In Europe and Japan some companies help, pay for a significant part of holiday costs. Most workers in West Germany receive Urlaubsgeld ( holiday money ) , a fillip that cna equal 45 per cent of their regular holiday wage. In France, the state-owned Renault Company contributes to the operation of 30 household holiday small towns for its workers ( Time 1981 ) . Social bureaus such as the YMCA, Boy scouts, and church groups support many summer cantonments which offer subsidised holidaies to the immature, hapless or handicapped. In the United States there is grounds of â€Å"social tourism† with a turn, harmonizing to Lundberg ( 1976, 170 ) . He notes that societal touristry is designed to subsidise holidaies or installations for the on the job category, but points out that recent resort development in certain province Parkss is truly societal touristry for the in-between category. These resort park undertakings offer state nine quality and scenes at a subsidised monetary value, and have proved to be really popular attractive forces. In recent old ages at that place has been a re-emergence of research on issues related to societal justness and public assistance issues in touristry ( Higgins-Desboilles 2006 ; Hall and Brown 1996, 2006 ) including the concpt of societal touristry. Haulot ( 1982 ) defines societal touristry as a ‘the entirety of dealingss and phenomena deducing from the engagement of those societal group with modest incomes-participation which is made possible or facilitated by steps of a chiseled societal character ( 40 ) . Although there are diverse readings of what constitutes societal touristry and how it can be implemented, Minnaert, Maitland and Miller ( 2007 ) differentiate between visitor-and host-related signifiers of societal touristry. The literature associating societal touristry to societal public assistance issues from a societal policy position is limited ( Minnaert, Maitland and Miller 2009 ) . Social touristry in the UK is mostly dependent on the charities sector, although there are a few surveies on the construction and organisation of support ( Local Government Association 2001 ) . The societal policy literature has given limited consideration to the issue of tourisms function in current arguments despite a one-wee vacation being included in the indexs of exclusion for some clip ( Hazel 2005 ) and touristry being progressively perceived as a societal ‘right ( Richards 1998 ) . The UK has non adopted the European theoretical account of policy proviso on societal touristry such as the World Tourism Organization ( 1980 ) . In the UK the largest factor for non-participation in a vacation was affordability ( Corlyon and La Placa, 2006 ) . In 2006-07 there were 2.9 million kids populating in income poorness in the UK, a figure which rose by 100,000 for the 2nd twelvemonth running ( Department for work and Pensions 2008 ; see besides Palmer, Carr and Kenway 2005 ) . The chief societal groups who are most at hazard from societal exclusion from touristry include those who are: handicapped ; ailment ; older ; at fright of persecution or other hazard factors ; enduring from poorness ; deficiency clip due to work or caring committednesss, cultural minority groups. Further, it is non clear how non-participation in touristry may impact upon the costs of wellness and societal attention proviso ( ODPM 2005 ) . Harmonizing to McCabe, holiday infinite does non incorporate referents to household jobs, and it is free of negative associations, emphasis and barriers to fresh experiences. The vacation offers people a opportunity to populate otherwise, separately and as a household, leting a alteration in modus operandis, to seek new activities and experiences, for kids to see freedom, and to populate at a different gait of life. Furthermore, holidays provided chances for positive and active behaviors in relation to feature and exert, positive diversion as opposed to inactive leisure signifiers, and issues which has been highlighted by Roberts in relation to leisure ingestion and societal exclusion ( 2004 ) . Further McCabe provinces, that, analysis of the application signifiers indicates that people are really frequently cognizant of the jobs and issues which they face in their lives which can frequently take to a sense of guilt. Given the chance of clip and infinite off from the place environment, people have the opportunity to actively work out their ain issues without the intercession from others. They have a opportunity to construct or mend relationships and recover from past troubles and an chance to reevaluate issue and face the hereafter in a positive manner. Decision Travel motive surveies attempt to reply the inquiry ‘why people travel or ‘why people visit a peculiar finish because the implicit in premise is that motive is one of the drive forces of behavior. Understanding specific tourer motives and/or the nature of travel motive can assist finish directors and sellers do a better occupation of product/service planning, selling communicating and visitant attractive force and keeping. Travel motive is a psychological concept which holds a multidimensional implicit in construction. Peoples travel to assorted topographic points to run into different demands. Persons travel motives are influenced by their civilization, background and old experience. Of the motivational forces, pull factors are finish properties, which are under a great trade of control of the finishs. All the three writers talk about the push / pull factor of touristry but in different construct, Dann focuses on anomy and ego-enhancement, whereas Krippendorf negotiations about working category people necessitating to take vacation, with McCabe it is about societal touristry for the people who are excluded from the society and can non afford vacation. Each writer explains the same in different ways and logic. Mentions: Bello, D. C. And Etzel, M. J. ( 1985 ) The rate of freshness in pleasance travel experiences. Journal of Travel Research 24 ( 1 ) , 20-26. Bunting, M. ( 2004 ) , ‘Willing Slaves : How the Overwork Culture is Governing Our Lifes. London: Harper Collins. Corlyon, J. , and La Placa, V. , ( 2006 ) Holidays for Families in Need: Policies and Practice in the UK. London: Policy Research Bureau. Crompton, J. ( 1979 ) Motivations for pleasance holiday. Annalss of Tourism Research 6 ( 4 ) , 408-424. Dann, G. ( 1977 ) , Anomie, ego-enhamcement and touristry. Annalss of Tourism Research 4 ( 4 ) , 184-194. Dann, G. , ( 1981 ) , Tourist motive: An assessment, Annals of Tourism Research 8 ( 2 ) , 187-219. Department for Work and Pensions ( 2008 ) Households Below Average Income: An Analysis of the Income Distribution 1994 / 95 -2006 /0. HMSO. European Commission, ( 2001 ) , Report of the Results of the Tourism for all Investigation. Brussels: European Commission. Fodness, D. , ( 1994 ) , Measuring tourer motive. Annalss of Tourism Research 21 ( 3 ) , 555-581. Gnoth, J. , ( 1997 ) , Tourism motive and outlook formation. Annalss of Tourism Research 24 ( 2 ) , 283-304. Hall, D. , and Brown, F. , ( 1996 ) Towards a Welfare Focus for Tourism Research. Advancement in Tourism and Hospitality Research 2:41-57. Hall, D. , and Brown, F. , ( 2006 ) Tourism and Social welfare: Ethical motives, Responsibility and Sustainable Well-being. Wallingford: CABI. Haulot, A. , ( 1982 ) Social Toursim: Current Dimensions of Future Developments. Journal of Travel Research 20:40. Hazel, N. ( 2005 ) Holidays for Children and Families in Need: An Exploration of the Research and Policy Context for Social Tourism in the UK. Children A ; Society 19:225-236. Higgins-Desboilles, F. ( 2006 ) , More than an â€Å"Industry† : The Forgotten Power of Tourism as a Social Force. Tourism Management 27: 1192-1208. Hsu, C.H.C. , and Lam, T. , ( 2003 ) , Mainland Chinese travelers motives and barriers of sing Hong Kong. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics 2 ( 1 ) , 60-67. Isopublic Umfrage, ( 1982 ) , Le Suisse et lupus erythematosus parturiency. Zuerich: Institut fur Markt-und meinungsforschung. Jang, S.C. and Cai, L.A. , ( 2002 ) , Travel motives and finish pick: a survey of British outbound market. Journal of Travel A ; Tourism Marketing 13 ( 3 ) , 111-133. Kenward, L. ( 1983 ) , Arbeitslosigkeit in den grossen Industrielaendern. In Finanzierung und Entwicklung 2:24 38. Hamburg: HWWA-Institut. Krippendorf, J. ( 1987 ) , The Holidaymakers. Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Local Government Association ( 2001 ) Tourism as a Tool for Social Inclusion. London: LGA. McCabe, S. ( 2009 ) Who needs a vacation? Measuring societal touristry, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 667-688, 2009. Minnaert, L. , R. Maitland, and G. Miller ( 2007 ) Social Tourism and its Ethical Foundations. Tourism Culture A ; Communicaton 7:7-17. Minnaert, L. , R. Maitland, and G. Miller ( 2009 ) Tourism and Social Policy: The Value of Social Tourism. Annalss of Tourism Research 36 ( 2 ) : 316-334. Noelle-Neumann, E. ( 1983 ) , Freude, Feiheitsgefuehl und Produktivitaet. In Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 111:13. Frankfort: Frakfurter Allgemeinc Verlag. Opaschowski, H. W. , ( 1983 ) , Freizeit: Zur Langeweile verurteilt. In Animation 1:2-7. Hanover: Vincentz. OPDM ( 2005 ) Inclusion Through Innovation: Undertaking Social Exclusion through New Technologies. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Richards, G. ( 1998 ) clip for a Holiday? Social Rights and International touristry Consumption. Time and Society 7 ( 1 ) : 145-160. Richards, G. ( 1999 ) , Vacations and the Quality of Life: Forms and Structures. Journal of Business Research 44: 189-198. Rotach, M. S. Mauch, and P. Gueller, explosive detection systems, ( 1982 ) , Szenarien kuenftiger Entwicklungen. Bern: Programmletiung NFP â€Å"Regional Probleme.† Schor, J. ( 1991 ) , The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline in Leisure. New York: Basic Books. Traitler, R. ( 1971 ) , Der manipulierte Tourist. In Der Ueberblick 3:28-29. Stuttgart: Arbeitsgemeinschaft evang. Kirchen in Deutschland. Uysal, M. , and Jurowski, C. , ( 1994 ) , Testing the push and pull factors. Annalss of Tourism Research 21 ( 4 ) , 844-846. World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) ( 1999 ) Global codification of Ethical motives for Tourism. Yankelovich, D. ( 1978 ) , Wer hat noch Lust Zu arbeiten? In Psychologie heute 5:14 -21. Weinheim: Beltz. Zhang, H. , and Lam, T. , ( 1999 ) , an analysis of mainland Chinese visitants motives to Hong Kong. Tourism Management 20 ( 5 ) , 587-594.

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules Some rules are not made to be broken- especially in the chemistry lab. The following rules exist for your safety and should always be followed. Always Follow the Instructions ​Your instructor and lab manuals are your best resources when setting up. Always listen and read carefully. Dont start a lab until you know all of the steps, from start to finish. If you have questions about any part of a procedure, get the answer before starting. Do Not Pipette by Mouth - Ever​ You say, But its only water. Even if it is, how clean do you think that glassware really is? Using disposable pipettes? Lots of people only rinse them and put them back! Learn to use the pipette bulb or automated pipetter. Dont pipette by mouth at home, either. Gasoline and kerosene should be obvious, but people get hospitalized or die every year. You might be tempted to use your mouth to start the suction on a waterbed to drain it. Do you know what they put in some waterbed additives? Carbon-14. Mmmm...radiation. The lesson is that even seemingly harmless substances may be dangerous! Read the Chemical Safety Information ​​A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be available for every chemical you use in the  lab. Read  and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of every material. Dress Appropriately (For Chemistry Lab, Not Fashion or the Weather)​ No sandals, no clothes you love more than life, no contact lenses, and, to keep your legs safe, long pants are preferable to shorts or short skirts. Tie long hair back. Wear safety goggles and a lab coat. Even if you arent clumsy, someone else in the lab probably is. If you take even a few chemistry courses you will probably see people set themselves on fire, spill acid on themselves, others, or notes, splash themselves in the eye, etc. Dont be the bad example to others. Identify the Safety Equipment Learn your  safety equipment  and how to use it! Given that some people (possibly you) will need them, know the locations of the fire blanket, extinguishers, eyewash, and shower. Ask for equipment demonstrations! If the eyewash hasnt been used in a while, the discoloration of the water is usually sufficient to inspire the  use of safety glasses. Dont Taste or Sniff Chemicals For many chemicals, if you can smell them, you are exposing yourself to a dose that can harm you! If the safety information says that a chemical should only be used inside a fume hood, then dont use it anywhere else. This isnt cooking classdont taste your experiments! Dont Casually Dispose of Chemicals Some chemicals can be washed down the drain, while others require a different method of disposal. If a chemical can go in the sink, be sure to wash it away rather than risk an unexpected reaction between chemical leftovers later. Dont Eat or Drink in Lab Its tempting, but oh so dangerous. Just dont do it! Dont Play Mad Scientist Dont haphazardly mix chemicals! Pay attention to the order in which chemicals are to be added to each other and do not deviate from the instructions. Even chemicals that mix to produce seemingly safe products should be handled carefully. For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide will give you salt water, but the reaction could break your glassware or splash the reactants onto you if you arent careful! Take Data During Lab ​​​Always record information during a lab and not after labon the assumption that it will be neater. Put data directly in your lab book rather than transcribing from another source (i.e.:  notebook or ​lab partner). There are lots of reasons for this, but the practical one is that it is much harder for the data to get lost in your lab book. For some experiments, it may be helpful to take data before  lab. Were not telling you to dry-lab or cheat, but being able to project likely data will help you catch bad lab procedure before you are three hours or so into a project. Know what to expect. You should always read the experiment in advance.

Security as a management or technological issue Essay

Security as a management or technological issue - Essay Example This study looks into information system security that is becoming a dominant and challenging factor for organizations, as it leverages many risks that are constantly changing. Every now and then, there are new security breaches resulting in massive losses in terms of customer confidence, as well as revenue. As information technology is now considered as the fundamental function, every organization acquires information systems for business automation. Moreover, electronic commerce has also introduced many businesses that are only virtually present. For instance, Amazon that is an online store for selling books generates revenue from the Internet. Customers pay via credit cards for the purchased books that are delivered to them. In this scenario, any sort of security breach may inject an SQL injection or cross site scripting attack on the website can affect the business as well as customer confidence. Therefore, securing the systems as well as data communication on the web is essentia l to protect. This also implies to personal or customer data that is maintained and managed by the organization. For instance, E- commerce based organizations stores information of their customer related to credit card numbers, telephone numbers, address, bank details etc. It is the responsibility of the organization to protect and secure data privacy. However, there is not a single law that states how to handle customer information. For this reason, organizations sell or trade customer information with business partners and even to third parties. Likewise, sometimes the sole purpose of this personal data exchange is funds. Although, every online organization has a privacy policy which states how they will handle and secure customer data but at the same time there is no verification criteria. In the following sections, we will discuss the technical as well as the managerial aspect of these three domains i.e. Information system security, privacy and data protection. Likewise, we will also discuss our main thesis i.e. is it a technical issue or a managerial issue for effectively handling and managing these issues in an organization. The first section will emphasize on all the technical aspects followed by all the managerial aspects and lastly comparing these two aspects for conclusion. 2 Information System Types and Coordination Organizing information systems is defined as the series of activities that are associated with information handling. Organizations expand their business gradually. For instance, strategic plan for any financial institution is to open a branch on every quarter of the year depending on stable revenue and defined achieved objectives. Similarly, the expansion of the organization create more risks and increase the workload for handling information because the maintenance, storage and exchange of information has now become more than ever before. Information handling takes place on three levels i.e. formal level, informal level and technical le vel (Dhillon 2007). The formal information system is associated with communication from third parties, suppliers, contractors, clients, regulatory authorities and financial sectors. As the word formal says for itself, it is a process in which rules are followed for making standardization of business practices and following standards is important for any organization. However, it terms of non-compliance, it may become a